TPO11 Reading 2

Orientation and Navigation

To South Americans, robins are birds that fly north every spring. To North Americans, the robins simplyvacation in the south each winter. Furthermore, they fly to very specific places in South America and will often come back to the same trees in North American yards the following spring. The question is not why they would leave the cold of winter so much as how they find their way around. The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and, in the process, raised new questions.

Kramer initiated important new kinds of research regarding how animals orient and navigate. Orientation is simply facing in the right direction; navigation involves finding ones way from point A to point B.

Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally have begun migration in the wild. Furthermore, he noticed that as they fluttered around in the cage, they often launched themselves in the direction of their normal migratoryroute. He then set up experiments with caged starlings and found that their orientation was, in fact, in the propermigratory direction except when the sky was overcast, at which times there was no clear direction to their restless movements. Kramer surmised, therefore, that they were orienting according to the position of the Sun. To test this idea, he blocked their view of the Sun and used mirrors to change its apparentposition. He found that under these circumstances, the birds oriented with respect to the new "Sun." They seemed to be using the Sun as a compass to determine direction. At the time, this idea seemed preposterous. How could a bird navigate by the Sun when some of us lose our way with road maps? Obviously, more testing was in order.

So, in another set of experiments, Kramer put identical food boxes around the cage, with food in only one of the boxes. The boxes were stationary, and the one containing food was always at the same point of the compass. However, its position with respect to the surroundings could be changed by revolving either the inner cage containing the birds or the outer walls, which served as the background. As long as the birds could see the Sun, no matter how their surroundings were altered, they went directly to the correct food box. whether the box appeared in front of the right wall or the left wall, they showed no signs of confusion. On overcast days, however, the birds were disoriented and had trouble locating their food box.

In experimenting with artificial suns, Kramer made another interesting discovery. If the artificial Sun remained stationary, the birds would shift their direction with respect to it at a rate of about 15 degrees per hour, the Sun's rate of movement across the sky. Apparently, the birds were assuming that the "Sun" they saw was moving at that rate. When the real Sun was visible, however, the birds maintained a constant direction as it moved across the sky. In other words, they were able to compensate for the Sun's movement. This meant that some sort of biological clock was operating-and a very precise clock at that.

What about birds that migrate at night? Perhaps they navigate by the night sky. To test the idea, caged night-migrating birds were placed on the floor of a planetarium during their migratory period. A planetarium is essentially a theater with a domelike ceiling onto which a night sky can be projected for any night of the year. When the planetarium sky matched the sky outside, the birds fluttered in the direction of their normal migration. But when the dome was rotated, the birds changed their direction to match the artificial sky. The results clearly indicated that the birds were orienting according to the stars.

There is accumulatingevidence indicating that birds navigate by using a wide variety of environmental cues. Other areas under investigation include magnetism, landmarks, coastlines, sonar, and even smells. The studies are complicated by the fact that the data are sometimes contradictory and the mechanisms apparently change from time to time. Furthermore, one sensoryability may back up another.

Which of the following can be inferred about bird migration from paragraph 1?

A. Birds will take the most direct migratory route to their new habitat.

B. The purpose of migration is to join with larger groups of birds.

C. Bird migration generally involves moving back and forth between north and south.

D. The destination of birds' migration can change from year to year.

C. The keyword of this question is obviously not very easy to find, and the answer is too long, so look at the beginning of this paragraph and say that South American birds fly to the north in spring and North American birds fly to the south in winter. So the answer is C, between north and south, other options have no relevant information.

The word "perplexed" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. defeated

B. interested

C. puzzled

D. occupied

C perplex: Confused. A is a few hundred; B is interested in... C is confusing; Dshi occupies. So C's puzzle is correct. Corresponding to the original The question perplexed people for years, until, in the 1950s, a German scientist named Gustave Kramer provided some answers and, in the process, raised new questions. The original sentence said that this problem perflex people for many years and did not give until the fifties Some answers, that is, no answer before, so the answer is troubled. Now that the answer has been found, A's defeat must be wrong; just B is sure not to be interested. If there is no problem, then there is no need to say that the answer is given. The Occupy of D is Occupy, but it is not enough to make people have problems, so D is also wrong.

Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Experiments revealed that caged starlings displayed a lack of directional sense and restless movements.

B. Experiments revealed that caged starlings were unable to orient themselves in the direction of their normal migratory route.

C. Experiments revealed that the restless movement of caged starlings had no clear direction.

D. Experiments revealed that caged starlings' orientation was accurate unless the weather was overcast.

D, The structure of the original text is that this man did an experiment and got the result. However, the four answers did not say to do experiments, so it is OK to only pay attention to the experimental results. It is correct to say that the orientation of these birds is correct except overcast. ABC is in contradiction with the original sentence. The original sentence emphasizes that there is basically a sense of direction.

The word "preposterous" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. unbelievable

B. inadequate

C. limited

D. creative

A preposterous: absurd, ridiculous. A is incredible; B is not enough; C is finite; D is creative. Think of the pre table forward, post table backwards, can come up with this meaning, so unbelievable is unbelievable, incredibly correct.

According to paragraph 3, why did Kramer use mirrors to change the apparent position of the Sun?

A. To test the effect of light on the birds' restlessness

B. To test whether birds were using the Sun to navigate

C. To simulate the shifting of light the birds would encounter along their regular migratory route

D. To cause the birds to migrate at a different time than they would in the wild

B. Using the name of the person and the mirror to locate the fourth and fifth sentences, saying that this person thinks that the bird is using the sun to navigate, in order to verify this point of view, this person made an experiment with a mirror, so the purpose of this experiment is to verify the bird. Did you use the sun to navigate? The answer was B. Nothing else was said.

According to paragraph 3, when do caged starlings become restless?

A. When the weather is overcast

B. When they are unable to identify their normal migratory route

C. When their normal time for migration arrives

D. When mirrors are used to change the apparent position of the Sun

The restless positioning to do the first sentence: Early in his research, Kramer found that caged migratory birds became very restless at about the time they would normally had begins migration in the wild. This sentence clearly stated that they were about to start migrating The time becomes restless and corresponds to the C option. Note that this question is easy to mistakenly choose A. Many students read the restless in the third sentence. However, when the original says overcast, the bird's migratory orientation has no direction, and has nothing to do with restless. B and A in the same sentence, have nothing to do with the problem, so wrong; D in the fourth sentence, also has nothing to do with the problem, do not choose.

Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 4 about Kramer's reason for filling one food box and leaving the rest empty?

A. He believed the birds would eat food from only one box.

B. He wanted to see whether the Sun alone controlled the birds' ability to navigate toward the box with food.

C. He thought that if all the boxes contained food, this would distract the birds from following their migratory route.

D. He needed to test whether the birds preferred having the food at any particular point of the compass.

B. Use the food box as the key word to locate the last sentence of this paragraph. Say that no matter how the box puts the bird, it won't dizzy, but when it's cloudy, it will faint. Combining the previous experiment that K has said, it shows that the bird is using The Sun recognizes the direction, so the answer is B, and this section says another set of experiments so you can look ahead. The previous section also says that birds use the sun to discern directions. So this is just one of a series of experiments. , others did not say.

According to paragraph 5, how did the birds fly when the real Sun was visible?

A. They kept the direction of their flight constant.

B. They changed the direction of their flight at a rate of 15 degrees per hour.

C. They kept flying toward the Sun.

D. They flew in the same direction as the birds that were seeing the artificial Sun.

A Positioning with the real sun keyword to the penultimate sentence, said that when the real solar energy is seen, the bird's flight direction does not change. A says that the flying direction is constant, completely rewritten, and it is the correct answer. Although C said that the direction of flight was the same, he did not say that the bird was flying toward the sun; B's 15 degrees and D's coincided with the direction of the man-made solar flight.

The experiment described in paragraph 5 caused Kramer to conclude that birds possess a biological clock because

A. when birds navigate they are able to compensate for the changing position of the Sun in the sky

B. birds innate bearings keep them oriented in a direction that is within 15 degrees of the Sun's direction

C. birds' migration is triggered by natural environmental cues, such as the position of the Sun

D. birds shift their direction at a rate of 15 degrees per hour whether the Sun is visible or not

A. Using the keywords of biological clock to locate the last sentence, but from the outset this means that it means blabla. It used to look ahead and said that these birds keep their flight direction unchanged because they can compensate for the changes caused by changes in the position of the sun. A is the answer. Both B and D say it, but it cannot be the reason for having a biological clock, and C doesn't say anything at all.

According to paragraph 6, how did the birds navigate in the planetarium's nighttime environment?

A. By waiting for the dome to stop rotating

B. By their position on the planetarium floor

C. By orienting themselves to the stars in the artificial night sky

D. By navigating randomly until they found the correct orientation

C uses the planetarium keyword to locate the third sentence, but this sentence only says a phenomenon. In the past, when the sky of planetarium was the same as outside, the bird migrated normally; when it was not the same, the bird was based on the artificial sky. Positioning, and finally came to be positioned with the stars, so C is the answer, the other did not say at all.

Which of the following best describes the author's presentation of information in the passage?

A. A number of experiments are described to support the idea that birds use the Sun and the night sky to navigate.

B. The author uses logic to show that the biological clock in birds is inaccurate.

C. A structured argument about the importance of internal versus external cues for navigation is presented.

D. The opposing points of view about bird migration are clarified through the study of contrasting experiments.

A: If you want to read a whole article, you need to look at the first rhetoric question in each paragraph and ask the whole paragraph. So look at the first sentence. The first few paragraphs all say that the birds use the sun for positioning during the day and the bird is based on the night sky. The answer, A, is to describe how the birds are positioned during the day and night.

The word "accumulating" in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. new

B. increasing

C. convincing

D. extensive

B, accumulating: gradually increased. A is new, B is increasing, C is convincing; D is extensive and numerous. So B's rising is correct. The sentence is a series of cue, so it is more and more, new is wrong, because if it is new or is extensive Will not say other; Similarly, the following sentence says under investigation, so it should be uncertain, convincing wrong.

He arranged the feed boxes at various positions on a compass..

A Four transition points, the pronoun he, noun feed boxes and noun compass. According to the compass to determine the answer is A or B is correct; pronoun he determines A may be correct; box appears multiple times, do not use; so determine A correct. The sentences to be inserted say put boxes in various places in the compass, and then say what the box looks like.

Gustave Kramer conducted important research related to the ability of birds to orient and navigate.

A.Because caged birds become disoriented when the sky is overcast, Kramer hypothesized that birds orient themselves according to the Sun's position.

B.In one set of experiments, Kramer placed the box containing food at the same point of the compass each time he put food boxes in the birds' environment.

C.Kramer demonstrated that an internal biological clock allows starlings to compensate for the Sun's movement.

D.After several studies, Kramer surmised that an internal biological clock allows some species of birds to navigate at night.

E.The role of environmental cues in birds' navigation is clear, for on overcast days, birds use objects besides the Sun to orient themselves.

F.Kramer showed that night-migrating birds use the sky to navigate by the stars.

The A.C.F because option corresponds to the fourth sentence of the third paragraph of the original text, correct. The in one set option is the opposite of the first sentence of the original paragraph and is not selected. The Kramer demonstrate option corresponds to the second sentence after the fifth paragraph of the original text, correct. After several options are the opposite of the last sentence in the sixth paragraph of the original text. The original option did not say, do not choose. The Kramer show option corresponds to the last sentence of the sixth paragraph of the original text, correct.